How do tectonic plates affect Earth's surface?

Tectonic plates significantly influence Earth's surface through their interactions, which lead to various geological phenomena. These plates are rigid segments of the Earth's lithosphere that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them. When tectonic plates move, they can diverge, converge, or slide past one another, leading to the formation of mountains, valleys, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.

For instance, when two continental plates collide, they often create mountain ranges due to the immense pressure and friction involved. Conversely, when oceanic and continental plates converge, subduction occurs, leading to trench formation and volcanic activity. Moreover, the boundaries where these plates interact are where earthquakes frequently occur, as stress builds up along faults until it is released suddenly.

The other options do not accurately describe the dynamic nature of tectonic plates. While remaining stationary would imply no geological activity, the reality is that tectonic plates are constantly moving, albeit at a very slow rate. Cooling the planet's surface and absorbing heat from the core refer to processes related to thermal dynamics rather than the mechanical interactions that lead to the profound geological changes observed on Earth.