What layer of the Earth acts like a dynamo, producing the planet's magnetic field?

The outer core is the layer of the Earth that acts like a dynamo, responsible for generating the planet's magnetic field. This layer is composed mainly of liquid iron and nickel, and its movement is crucial in creating electric currents. As the Earth rotates and the convection currents within the outer core push the conductive molten metal around, these movements generate magnetic fields through a process known as the geodynamo. This dynamic process results in the generation of a significant magnetic field that surrounds the Earth, which plays a vital role in protecting the planet from solar and cosmic radiation.

In contrast, the inner core, which is solid and primarily composed of iron, does not contribute to the magnetic field in the same way, as there is no flow of liquid metal there. The crust is a rigid outer layer made of solid rock and does not participate in magnetic field generation. The upper mantle, while involved in tectonic activities and convection processes, also lacks the fluid movement necessary to create a magnetic field. Thus, the outer core is uniquely positioned and structured to produce the Earth's magnetic field.