What typically indicates that two tectonic plates are converging?

The convergence of two tectonic plates is characterized by the interaction that leads to significant geological features, particularly the development of mountain ranges and volcanic arcs. This occurs when one plate is forced beneath another in a subduction zone, a process that can create intense geological activity.

During convergence, the denser oceanic plate may subduct under the lighter continental plate, resulting in the formation of volcanic arcs, which are chains of volcanoes formed above the subducting plate. Meanwhile, the collision of these plates can also cause the crust to buckle and fold, leading to the uplift of mountain ranges. This complex interplay of forces is indicative of converging boundaries where one plate is either pushing against or sliding under another, culminating in such prominent topographical features.

In contrast, the other options represent scenarios associated with different tectonic processes. The formation of new oceanic crust is linked to divergent boundaries where plates move apart, while mid-ocean ridges are also a result of divergent activity. Rift valleys are formed at divergent boundaries as well, where tectonic plates move apart, leading to down-dropped blocks of crust. Thus, the key feature indicating convergence is the development of mountain ranges and volcanic arcs resulting from the direct interaction of tectonic plates.